灌浆温度和氮肥及其互作效应对稻米贮藏蛋白组分的影响

灌浆结实期温度与氮肥施用量是影响稻米品质的两个重要生态因子,尤其是与稻米蛋白含量及米饭食味关系密切。本文以多个水稻主栽品种为材料,通迆灌浆结实期的人工控温试验、大田长期定位点的施氮处理试验和盆栽条件下的温氮两因素复合处理试验,探讨了水稻灌浆结实期温度对稻米贮藏蛋白含量与组分影响及其有别于氮肥处理效应的差异觃律,幵分析了温度与氮肥两个因素对稻米贮藏蛋白及其组分影响的交互作用特点。结果表明,高温胁迫和增施氮肥均引起水稻籽粒总蛋白及其谷蛋白组分含量(%)的显著增加,但两者对稻米醇溶蛋白影响却存在明显差别。其中,高温处理引起醇溶蛋白含量显著下降,提高稻米谷蛋白/醇溶蛋白比值,而增施氮肥引起稻米谷蛋白和醇溶蛋白含量明显增加,但对谷蛋白/醇溶蛋白比值与贮藏蛋白各亚基的组成比例影响相对较小。在高温处理下,谷蛋白的57kD前体亚基组分含量有所提高,而37kD酸性亚基和22kD碱性亚基随温度处理的差异变化却因品种而异,且高温处理对水稻籽粒蛋白绝对含量(mg grain~(–1))的影响程度也进没有其对蛋白相对含量(%)的影响明显。高氮×高温处理组合对稻米总蛋白与谷蛋白含量的影响程度显著大于单一高温或高氮处理,但在高氮水平下由高温引起稻米醇溶蛋白含量的下降幅度却小于其低氮对照,有利于稻米醇溶蛋白含量在不同温度处理下的相对稳定。     

湖北省杉木人工林立地类型划分及评价

以湖北省杉木人工林为研究对象,选择166块具有代表性的杉木人工林标准地,并测定样地的常规立地因子。利用数量化理论Ⅰ的方法建立了杉木优势高与立地因子之间的关系模型,对研究区杉木人工林进行立地类型划分及立地质量评价。结果表明,所选择的5个立地因子与优势高数量化拟合的复相关系数为0.639;海拔、腐殖层厚度和坡位这3个立地因子对优势高的贡献率达84.99%,且影响均达到极显著水平;采用海拔、腐殖层厚度和坡位3个因子构建研究区杉木人工林立地类型,共划分为22类;按照优、良、中、差4个评价等级对166块样地所属的立地类型进行立地质量评价,得出湖北省杉木人工林在中海拔、土壤湿润、土壤养分含量较高的立地条件下生产力较高,研究区立地质量整体处于中等偏上水平的结论。     

Substrate composition determines emergence success and development of European nase larvae (Chondrostoma nasus L.)

European nase (Chondrostoma nasus) is a specialist riverine fish, characterised by a complex life cycle making it vulnerable to habitat degradation. Recent findings indicate that, analogously to salmonids, the interstitial zone quality may pose a serious bottleneck for successful recruitment of this species. In this study, nase eggs were exposed to different substrate qualities. First, standardised substrate mixtures with differing fine sediment additions were used. Second, we tested different homogenous gravel fractions for their influence on egg development and emergence success. In both setups, substrate composition significantly affected emergence success, timing of emergence and larvae size at emergence. In the substrate mixtures, emergence was most successful in substratum with no fine sediment addition (98%) and decreased to 55% in substratum with 20% fine sediment addition. Emergence was most successful in the coarsest fraction (93%) and decreased to 47% in the finest fraction. Over all treatments, the time between hatching and emergence from substrate differed by up to 156 degree days, thereby indicating that free embryos of nase use the shelter of the interstitial zone for early ontogeny. These results suggest that a loose and porous stream bed can positively contribute to the development success of eggs and larvae and thereby potentially improve the recruitment of nase populations. It is thus important to consider the substrate and interstitial conditions in the conservation and restoration management of this rheophilic cyprinid.     

整枝方式对不同株型棉花品种产量及纤维品质的影响

采用两个株型存在明显差异的棉花品种鲁棉研37号和德棉16号,设置三种不同整枝方式(不整枝、简化整枝、精细整枝),研究了不同整枝方式对不同株型棉花品种产量及纤维品质的影响。结果表明:在种植密度为5.25万株/hm^2条件下,鲁棉研37号株高显著高于德棉16号,整枝方式对株高和果枝数影响不显著;鲁棉研37号简化整枝处理籽棉产量和皮棉产量均最高,且籽棉产量显著高于精细整枝处理,德棉16号在不整枝处理下籽棉产量和皮棉产量最高,与精细整枝处理无显著差异,但显著高于简化整枝处理;不同整枝方式对两个品种纤维上半部平均长度和整齐度指数存在一定影响,但纤维指标均能达标。由此可见,在该密度条件下,株型紧凑型品种鲁棉研37号更适合简化整枝处理,松散型品种德棉16号更适合不整枝处理。     

Basal internode elongation of rice as affected by light intensity and leaf area

Short basal internodes are important for lodging resistance of rice(Oryza sativa L.).Several canopy indices affect the elongation of basal internodes,but uncertainty as to the key factors determining elongation of basal internodes persists.The objectives of this study were(1)to identify key factors affecting the elongation of basal internodes and(2)to establish a quantitative relationship between basal internode length and canopy indices.An inbred rice cultivar,Yinjingruanzhan,was grown in two split-plot field experiments with three N rates(0,75,and 150 kg N ha−1 in early season and 0,90,and 180 kg N ha−1 in late season)as main plots,three seedling densities(16.7,75.0,and 187.5 seedlings m−2)as subplots,and three replications in the 2015 early and late seasons in Guangzhou,China.Light intensity at base of canopy(Lb),light quality as determined from red/far-red light ratio(R/FR),light transmission ratio(LTR),leaf area index(LAI),leaf N concentration(NLV)and final length of second internode(counted from soil surface upward)(FIL)were recorded.Higher N rate and seedling density resulted in significantly longer FIL.FIL was negatively correlated with Lb,LTR,and R/FR(P<0.01)and positively correlated with LAI(P<0.01),but not correlated with NLV(P>0.05).Stepwise linear regression analysis showed that FIL was strongly associated with Lb and LAI(R2=0.82).Heavy N application to pot-grown rice at the beginning of first internode elongation did not change FIL.We conclude that FIL is determined mainly by Lb and LAI at jointing stage.NLV has no direct effect on the elongation of basal internodes.N application indirectly affects FIL by changing LAI and light conditions in the rice canopy.Reducing LAI and improving canopy light transmission at jointing stage can shorten the basal internodes and increase the lodging resistance of rice.     

基施沼渣液替代化肥氮对葡萄产量及品质的影响

以氮元素含量为定量指标,设计1个全施化肥处理和5个基施沼渣液替代化肥氮处理,以期为大面积生产葡萄园基肥施用沼渣液技术的推广和应用提供一定的理论参考。研究结果表明,随着基施沼渣液替代化肥氮比例的增加,葡萄产量呈现先增加后下降的趋势,100%NZY处理产量最高,为18197.03 kg/hm ²;粒重和穗重呈现同样的变化趋势。随着基施沼渣液替代化肥氮比例的增加,萌芽至成熟天数、叶片SPAD值、新梢节间长、粗度、百叶鲜重及单叶面积等生长指标都呈现逐渐增加的趋势,其中以150%NZY处理最高,表现出成熟期延迟,贪青晚熟,从而影响产量。基施沼渣液替代化肥氮可改善葡萄果粒品质,以70%NZY和100%NZY处理较好。随着基施沼渣液替代化肥氮比例的增加,葡萄果粒重金属Cu、Zn和Pb含量均有所增加,Cr含量则有所下降,Cd和As含量无明显变化。各处理中葡萄果粒重金属含量均低于相应的污染物限量标准(GB 2762—2005)。因此,本研究认为,综合葡萄产量和品质指标,沼渣液替代100%化肥氮可作为葡萄园定量化基施沼渣液的参考。     

新单系列玉米品种的遗传基础解析以及品质和产量性状变化趋势分析

为探索新单系列玉米品种籽粒品质性状之间的关系以及产量性状的变化趋势,以新乡市农科院2003年以来审定的玉米品种为材料,研究了它们的遗传基础、杂优模式、品质性状以及群体、个体生产力。结果表明：13个玉米品种利用的杂优模式主要有2种,9个品种杂优模式为改良Reid×唐四平头,4个品种为外来种质×唐四平头。品质分析中,‘新单28’、‘新单38’、‘新单66’粗淀粉含量高,‘新单61’、‘新单65’和‘新单68’的粗蛋白和赖氨酸含量高。粗脂肪含量和粗淀粉含量之间呈显著负相关,相关系数为0.610,粗蛋白含量和赖氨酸含量之间呈显著正相关,相关系数为0.491。产量分析表明,‘新单22’单株生产力最大,‘新单33’单株生产力最小,‘新单58’的群体生产力最大,‘新单28’的群体生产力最小。群体生产力随密度增加呈现上升趋势,其中密度为75000株/hm²时的群体生产力较45000株/hm²高62.9%,平均每公顷增加7500株产量增益为12.97%。单株生产力随密度增加开始呈下降趋势,增至60000株/hm²后逐渐平缓,低密度时单株生产力较高密度高5.5%。外来种质×唐四平头杂优模式选育的玉米新品种在品质上优于改良Reid×唐四平头模式选育的品种,且耐密性也显著增加,群体生产力也不断上升。     

水分胁迫对大豆生长与产量的影响及应对措施

在大豆生长发育过程中,非生物胁迫严重影响理化进程并降低产量,其中水分胁迫是所有其他非生物胁迫（高温、低温、土地瘠薄、盐碱等）损失的总和。为了提高大豆在水分胁迫中的抗逆性,通过归纳水分胁迫对大豆生长发育及产量的研究现状,总结干旱和淹水胁迫对大豆形态结构、生理指标及产量指标的影响,分析抵御水分胁迫的应对措施和有效方法。指出目前抗旱防涝存在的问题,并提出解决方案,以期降低水分胁迫对大豆生产造成的损失。     

基于蛋白质组学研究光质对番茄果实挥发性物质的影响机理

以‘Micro-Tom’番茄(Solanum lycopersicum L.)为试材,种子发芽后30d移入人工气候室,分别进行红/蓝光组合(1:1、3:1、5:1、7:1)处理,以白光处理为对照。在番茄果实绿熟期、转色期、成熟期取样,测定果实挥发性物质含量及蛋白组数据。结果表明,在转色期和成熟期,对番茄风味有积极作用的己醛、反式–2–己烯醛、β–紫罗兰酮、牻牛儿丙酮、6–甲基–5–庚烯–2–酮、2–苯乙醇、愈伤木酚的含量在红/蓝光3︰1组合处理中最高,而对风味有消极作用的水杨酸甲酯的含量较低,并且在成熟期为0。进一步分析了红/蓝光3︰1组合处理与对照相比的差异蛋白,在成熟过程中番茄果实共鉴定到12个与挥发性物质产生有关的差异蛋白,其中8个上调表达,4个下调表达。通过对12个差异蛋白进行mRNA水平的验证发现,只有转色期的苯丙酮酸互变异构酶(MIF)在蛋白质和mRNA水平表达不一致,其他11个蛋白在两个水平表达均一致。     

围产期饲喂过瘤胃胆碱对奶牛生产性能及血液生化指标的影响

本试验旨在研究围产期奶牛饲喂过瘤胃胆碱(RPC)对泌乳性能、血液生化指标及繁殖性能的影响。试验采用单因素试验设计,选用60头年龄、胎次、预产期、上一胎次产奶量相近的健康围产期奶牛,随机分为3组,每组20头。Ⅰ组饲喂基础日粮,Ⅱ组和Ⅲ组在基础日粮上分别添加25 g/d和50 g/d RPC,饲喂期从产前3周至产后3周,共42 d。结果表明:Ⅱ组产奶量在产后1~8周显著高于Ⅰ组和Ⅲ组(P0.05);在产后第2周,Ⅲ组的乳脂率、乳蛋白率显著高于Ⅰ组(P0.05);在整个试验期,Ⅱ组的谷丙转氨酶含量显著低于Ⅰ组(P0.05),Ⅲ组的天门冬氨酸转氨酶显著含量低于Ⅰ组(P0.05);产后第1周和第2周,Ⅱ组的β-羟丁酸、非酯化脂肪酸含量显著低于Ⅰ组(P0.05);Ⅱ组的甘油三酯含量显著高于Ⅰ组和Ⅲ组(P0.05),Ⅲ组的总胆固醇含量显著高于Ⅰ组(P0.05);日粮中添加RPC可以显著提高情期受胎率(P0.05),显著缩减奶牛空怀天数(P0.05),也对产后初次配种时间的缩短和配种次数的降低有影响。日粮中添加RPC可提高围产期奶牛生产性能,对血液生化指标和繁殖性能产生有利影响,本试验条件下RPC最佳添加剂量为每头牛25 g/d。